Special member functions

Special member functions^[1] in C++ are functions which the compiler will automatically generate if they are used, but not declared explicitly by the programmer. The special member functions are:

• Default constructor (if no other constructor is explicitly declared)
• Copy constructor if no move constructor or move assignment operator is explicitly declared.

If a destructor is declared generation of a copy constructor is deprecated.

• Move constructor if no copy constructor, move assignment operator or destructor is explicitly declared.
• Copy assignment operator if no move constructor or move assignment operator is explicitly declared.

If a destructor is declared generation of a copy assignment operator is deprecated.

• Move assignment operator if no copy constructor, copy assignment operator or destructor is explicitly declared.
• Destructor

In these cases the compiler generated versions of these functions perform a memberwise operation. For example the compiler generated destructor will destroy each sub-object (base class or member) of the object.

The compiler generated functions will be public, non-virtual^[2] and the copy constructor and assignment operators will receive const& parameters (and not be of the alternative legal forms).

Example

The following example depicts two classes: Explicit for which all special member functions are explicitly declared and Implicit for which none are declared.

#include <iostream>
 
class Explicit {
    friend class Implicit;
    string msg;
public:
    Explicit() : msg("") 
    {
        std::cout << "Default constructor " << msg << '\n';
    }
 
    Explicit(const string& value) : msg(value) 
    {
        std::cout << "Non-default constructor " << msg << '\n';
    }
 
    Explicit(const Explicit& other) : msg(other.msg) 
    {
        std::cout << "Copy constructor " << msg << '\n';
    }
 
     Explicit& operator=(const Explicit& other) 
    {
        std::cout << "Copy assignment operator " << msg << '\n';
        if (this != &other) {
            msg = other.msg;
        }
        return *this;
    }
 
    ~Explicit() 
    {
        std::cout << "Destructor " << msg << '\n';
    }
};
 
class Implicit : public Explicit {
    int i;
    void* p;
    Explicit member;
public:
    void Spew() 
    { 
        std::cout << "Implicit(" << msg << ", " << member.msg << ")\n"; 
    }
};

In this case the class Implicit has not explicitly defined the destructor and the compiler will create a destructor equivalently to this:

// Sub-objects are destroyed in the opposite order to their construction
Implicit::~Implicit() 
{
    member.~Explicit(); // destroy member
    (void)p;           // do nothing for p, void* has no destructor
    (void)i;           // do nothing for i, int has no destructor
    ~Explicit();        // call the base class's destructor
}

C++98

In C++98 before the introduction of move semantics the special member functions^[3] were:

• Default constructor (if no other constructor is explicitly declared)
• Copy constructor
• Copy assignment operator
• Destructor

References